The Machu Picchu Sanctuary, also known as the citadel, represents one of the most extraordinary protected areas in the world, combining archaeological wealth with exceptional biodiversity in a territory that embraces both the majesty of the Andes and the exuberance of the Amazon.
Nature and characteristics of the citadel
This special territory constitutes a mixed conservation area that simultaneously safeguards the Inca cultural legacy and unique ecosystems. Officially established in 1981 as a National Historical Sanctuary, it later gained international recognition by being incorporated into the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1983, solidifying its status as one of humanity’s most valuable treasures.
Dimensions and territorial scope
The sanctuary covers a considerable area of 32,592 hectares, equivalent to over 325 square kilometers of protected territory. This surface not only safeguards the iconic Machu Picchu citadel but also numerous smaller archaeological complexes, ancestral pathways, and fragile ecosystems that require special protection.
Strategic geographical location
Geographically, the sanctuary is located in the Urubamba province within the Cusco region. Its privileged position on the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes places it in the transition zone between the Andean highlands and the Amazon rainforest, specifically in the area known as the “ceja de selva” or yungas.
The territory extends along the basin of the sacred Urubamba River, also referred to as Vilcanota by the ancient Incas. This strategic location allows the sanctuary to protect landscapes ranging from snow-capped peaks over 6,000 meters high to tropical valleys situated approximately 1,700 meters above sea level.
Exceptional ecosystem wealth
Diversity of environments
The sanctuary is home to 24 different ecosystems, creating a unique natural mosaic that includes everything from alpine tundra to tropical cloud forests. This variety of environments arises due to the wide altitudinal range and specific climatic conditions of the region.
Extraordinary flora
The vegetation of the sanctuary displays impressive diversity with over 300 species of native trees. Among the notable tree species are queñua, intimpa, cedar, alder, pisonay, unca, and tara, forming forests adapted to different altitudes and climatic conditions.
Orchids constitute one of the most spectacular groups, with 340 recorded species representing approximately one-fifth of all Peruvian orchids. These flowers are distributed from humid valleys to higher altitude areas, creating natural gardens of extraordinary beauty.
Diverse wildlife
The sanctuary protects exceptional fauna that includes 75 species of mammals, 444 species of birds, 14 amphibian species, 24 reptiles, and 377 species of butterflies. This diversity reflects the variety of available habitats and the area’s importance for conservation.
Among the most emblematic mammals is the spectacled bear, the only species of bear in South America, along with Andean deer, vizcachas, river otters, and various species of bats. The puma, although elusive, also inhabits the more remote areas of the sanctuary.
The birdlife includes spectacular species such as the cock-of-the-rock, the national bird of Peru, the majestic Andean condor, and numerous species of hummingbirds, tanagers, and parrots that add color and life to the forests.
Integrated archaeological heritage
Main complex
The Machu Picchu citadel constitutes the archaeological heart of the sanctuary, but it is not the only treasure it safeguards. This Inca urban complex, built in the 15th century during the reign of Emperor Pachacútec, represents the culmination of Inca architecture and urban planning.
Complementary archaeological sites
The sanctuary protects over 30 additional archaeological sites connected by the network of Inca roads. These include ceremonial centers like Wiñaywayna, fortresses like Sayacmarka, astronomical observatories like Intiwatana, and agricultural complexes like Intipata.
Each of these sites served specific functions within the Inca administrative, religious, and productive system, forming an integrated network that demonstrated the technological and organizational mastery of this civilization.
Available experiences and activities
Treks along ancestral paths
Visitors can experience six main routes that traverse the sanctuary, including four long routes and two short ones. These paths total over 30 kilometers of trails that allow crossing mountain passes over 4,000 meters high.
Wildlife observation
The sanctuary offers exceptional opportunities for observing flora and fauna in their natural habitat. The trails allow for spotting endemic birds, native mammals, and an extraordinary variety of plants, including natural orchid gardens.
Thematic circuits
The different circuits combine natural and cultural experiences:
Classic Inca Trail Circuit: Covers 33 kilometers from Piscacucho to Machu Picchu, passing through multiple ecosystems and archaeological sites.
Salkantay Circuit: Encompasses 42 kilometers starting from Soraypampa, offering spectacular views of the snow-capped Salkantay and high-altitude lagoons.
Short Circuit: A 30-kilometer alternative that begins at Qoriwayrachina, ideal for those seeking a more accessible experience.
Specialized activities
- Nature photography: Unique landscapes ranging from glaciers to tropical rainforest
- Astronomical observation: Clear skies ideal for contemplating Andean constellations
- Etnobotanical study: Medicinal and edible plants traditionally used
- Archaeological research: Participation in heritage conservation activities
Importance of conservation
Protection of endangered species
The sanctuary plays a crucial role in protecting endangered species. The spectacled bear, the cock-of-the-rock, and numerous endemic species find safe refuge in this protected territory.
Cultural preservation
Beyond protecting physical structures, the sanctuary preserves ancestral knowledge about architecture, astronomy, agriculture, and land management developed by the Incas over centuries.
Water regulation
The forests of the sanctuary act as regulators of the regional water cycle, capturing rainwater and mist to feed rivers and streams that benefit downstream communities.
Scientific research
The territory serves as a natural laboratory for studies on biodiversity, climate change, archaeology, and anthropology, generating valuable knowledge for global science.
Representative ecosystems
Cloud forests
The cloud forests represent unique ecosystems where constant humidity allows for the development of epiphytes, orchids, and mosses that create spectacular aerial gardens.
High Andean grasslands
In the higher areas, the grasslands provide habitat for species adapted to extreme temperature and solar radiation conditions.
Narrow valleys
The deep canyons create special microclimates where species that are not found elsewhere thrive, including endemic plants and animals.
Conservation challenges
Tourist pressure
The growing number of visitors requires careful management to prevent negative impacts on fragile ecosystems and archaeological structures.
Climate change
Climate variations affect delicate ecosystem balances and may compromise the survival of species adapted to specific conditions.
Regional development
Urban growth and economic activities in surrounding areas exert pressure on the sanctuary’s boundaries and biological corridors.
The Machu Picchu Sanctuary thus represents an extraordinary example of how cultural and natural heritage can coexist and mutually benefit, offering humanity an invaluable treasure that combines history, biodiversity, and scenic beauty in a unique territory in the world.