Cusco’s Plaza de Armas is the heart of the city, a place that reflects the history, culture, and daily life of this ancient Incan capital. It is an essential stop for any visitor wanting to experience the essence of Cusco. From its ancient origins to its relevance during the colonial and modern eras, Plaza de Armas brings together temples, museums, history, festivities, and gastronomy.
Here at Machu Picchu Wayna, you will find everything you need to know about this place: its history, attractions, celebrations, gastronomy, and tips to enjoy it to the fullest.
History of the Main Square of Cusco
Origin of the name and controversies
The name Plaza de Armas de Cusco comes from the colonial period. Previously, it was known as Huacaypata, which in Quechua translates to “place of crying,” “warrior’s place,” or “sacred place,” depending on the interpretation. During the Incan Empire, Huacaypata was the center of the city’s religious, political, and social life, hosting important ceremonies such as Inti Raymi and commercial exchanges among different sectors of the empire.
With the arrival of the Spanish, the square was renamed Plaza de Armas, reflecting its military use, as it became the center of military and ceremonial activities under colonial rule. Additionally, the Spaniards built churches and other colonial buildings over ancient Incan structures, changing the plaza’s original character.
The name change and transformation of the site have sparked controversy. Some scholars interpret Huacaypata as the “warrior’s place,” referring to battles between the Incas and the conquistadors, while others see it as the “place of crying,” alluding to the tragedies and deaths during indigenous resistance against colonization. This debate reflects the tension between preserving the Incan legacy and the imposition of colonial culture.
Pre-Inca and Inca period
Cusco’s Plaza de Armas, known as Huacaypata during the Incan Empire, has origins linked to the earliest cultures inhabiting the Cusco Valley, such as the Killke. These pre-Incan people began settling around 900 BC, and their influence was key to the development of what later became the center of power for the Incan Empire.
When the Incas expanded their territory, Cusco was consolidated as the empire’s capital under the leadership of Manco Cápac. Huacaypata became the hub of the city’s social, political, and religious life. It was the site of major ceremonies, such as Inti Raymi (Festival of the Sun), which honored the sun god, Inti. The square was also used for commerce and as a meeting point for the empire’s diverse regions, known as the suyos.
The Incas built significant structures around it, including the Coricancha (Temple of the Sun), which added even more importance to the plaza. It was also a crucial place for political decisions and a key hub in the Qhapaq Ñan, the empire’s vast road system. Plaza de Armas was, therefore, not only a ceremonial center but also strategic for the empire’s control and expansion.
The conquest and the Colonial period
Cusco’s Plaza de Armas played a key role during the Spanish conquest and the colonial period. After the arrival of the Spanish in 1533, led by Francisco Pizarro, Cusco was taken and converted into the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Plaza de Armas became the center of colonial administration and was reorganized for military and civic purposes, hosting events such as parades, executions, and religious celebrations. This transformation reflected the new power structure imposed by the colonizers.
The Spanish replaced many Incan structures, building churches and colonial buildings over them. Cusco Cathedral, for example, was constructed on top of the ancient Incan palace and now dominates the Plaza de Armas. The square was officially renamed Plaza de Armas due to its military function, contrasting with its ceremonial and spiritual role during the Incan Empire.
Throughout the colonial period, Plaza de Armas remained a fundamental place for social and political life. It was the site of significant historical events, such as the rebellion of Túpac Amaru II, an indigenous leader who rose against Spanish rule in the late 18th century. Though transformed by the colonizers, it continues to symbolize the interaction between indigenous and European cultures, reflecting both resistance and adaptation to colonial rule.
Location and access to the Main Square of Cusco
Where is the Main Square located?
It is located in Cusco’s historic center, which is also its cultural and tourist heart. Surrounded by iconic buildings such as Cusco Cathedral, the Temple of the Sun (Qorikancha), and colonial palaces, the plaza is in the district of Cusco, within the area that was once the capital of the Incan Empire.
Additionally, it is just a few minutes’ walk from other major attractions such as San Blas Neighborhood and San Pedro Market, making it a central spot for social, cultural, and tourist activities in the city.
How to get to the Main Square
To reach Cusco’s Plaza de Armas from different points in the city, here are some detailed options:
From Alejandro Velasco Astete Airport:
The airport is located about 6 km from downtown Cusco. From there, you can take a taxi or a private transportation service. The ride usually takes 15 to 20 minutes, depending on traffic. It is recommended to use official taxis or pre-arrange a transport service for safety.
You can also take a public bus, but this service is less direct and can be slower. In general, the bus ride may take 30 to 40 minutes.
From Cusco Bus Station:
The bus station is located 2 to 3 km from the Plaza de Armas. From there, you can walk (if you feel comfortable with the surroundings) or take a taxi. A taxi ride should take no more than 10 minutes.
Another option is to use public transportation. There are buses and “combis” that connect the station to the historic center, and you can get off at one of the stops near the plaza.
On foot from the historic center of Cusco:
If you are already in Cusco’s historic center, the Plaza de Armas is just a few minutes away on foot. The area is filled with pedestrian streets, shops, and restaurants, making it easy and enjoyable to walk to the plaza.
If you’re coming from San Blas neighborhood (located on a hill), the walk is a bit longer but still accessible. Simply go down Tandapata Street until you reach the city center.
The Plaza de Armas is a central landmark in Cusco, so it’s easy to find your way there from almost anywhere in the city.
Tourist attractions in the Main Square of Cusco
Cusco Cathedral
The Cusco Cathedral is one of the main landmarks in the Plaza de Armas. This church was built on the site of the former palace of Inca Wiracocha and features a mix of colonial architecture and Inca iconography. Inside, visitors can admire an impressive collection of religious art, including the famous Andean interpretation of The Last Supper, which depicts a guinea pig (cuy) as the main dish.
The cathedral also has several chapels and altars that reflect the fusion of Catholic traditions with local customs.
Church of the Society of Jesus
Another important site in the Plaza de Armas is the Church of the Society of Jesus, a Baroque-style temple. Built in the 17th century by the Jesuits, it stands out for its intricately carved stone façade and grand main altar, considered one of the most magnificent in Cusco. The church was built over the ruins of an ancient Inca palace, symbolizing the cultural transformation Cusco underwent during the colonial period.
Inka Museum
Just a few steps from the Plaza de Armas, the Inka Museum is dedicated to preserving and showcasing the history and culture of the Inca Empire. Inside, visitors can explore a vast collection of archaeological artifacts, textiles, and ceramics that illustrate the customs and daily life of the Incas. This museum is a must-visit for those interested in learning more about the Inca civilization before heading to Machu Picchu or other major archaeological sites in the region.
Activities and events in the Main Square
Traditional festivities
Inti Raymi (Festival of the Sun)
Celebrated every June 24, Inti Raymi is one of the most important festivals in Cusco and the Andean region. Dating back to the Inca era, this festival honors the Sun God (Inti) and marks the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere. The Plaza de Armas is one of the main stages for the celebrations, which include theatrical performances, dances, and rituals dedicated to the Sun.
Corpus Christi
This religious festival, which takes place in June, is one of the most significant Catholic celebrations in Cusco. During this event, the Plaza de Armas fills with processions showcasing religious images of saints and virgins. The festival is known for its blend of Catholic traditions and indigenous customs, featuring music, dances, and traditional foods.
New Year’s Eve at the Main Square
New Year’s Eve in Cusco’s Plaza de Armas is a vibrant celebration filled with traditions. At midnight, the plaza comes alive with fireworks, music, and dancing. Both locals and tourists participate in rituals, such as burning “Año Viejo” dolls to leave behind negativity, and wearing specific-colored clothing to attract good luck. The festivities continue in the surrounding streets, with parades and cultural events that highlight Cusco’s joyful spirit.
Nightlife and entertainment
Around the Plaza de Armas, you will find a variety of bars, nightclubs, and restaurants that offer an exciting nightlife experience. From live music venues to clubs playing diverse rhythms, the Plaza de Armas nightlife has something for everyone. Many of these places have terraces with views of the plaza, making for a special night in the heart of Cusco.
Gastronomy around the Main Square
Restaurants and cafés
Around the Plaza de Armas, you’ll find a great variety of restaurants, ranging from traditional Peruvian cuisine to international options. Some of the top-rated restaurants include:
- Chicha by Gastón Acurio – A great place to enjoy high-quality Peruvian food.
- Uchu Peruvian Steakhouse – Known for its delicious meat dishes.
- Museo del Café – A charming café where you can enjoy Peruvian coffee while relaxing after exploring the plaza.
Typical dishes you must try
Some traditional dishes you should try at the Plaza de Armas include:
- Cuy Chactado – A fried guinea pig, crispy on the outside, served with potatoes, corn, and salad.
- Adobo Cusqueño – A pork or chicken stew cooked with ají panca, onions, garlic, and spices, served with rice and potatoes.
- Chiri Uchu – A festive dish including dried meats like guinea pig, corn, potatoes, and ají, typically eaten during Inti Raymi.
- Mazamorra Morada – A sweet dessert made from purple corn, dried fruits, and spices.
- Pachamanca – A traditional Andean dish cooked underground with hot stones, featuring chicken, pork, or guinea pig, along with potatoes, corn, and beans.
- Rocoto Relleno – A spicy red pepper stuffed with ground beef, onions, raisins, olives, and almonds, baked and served with potatoes.
- Chicha de Maíz – A traditional Andean drink made from fermented corn, commonly consumed during celebrations.
Tips for visiting the Main Square of Cusco
Best time to visit
The best time to visit Cusco’s Plaza de Armas depends on the type of experience you’re looking for:
- High season (June to August): During these months, Cusco receives more tourists due to school vacations and the dry weather, which is ideal for exploring the city and its surroundings. Although it can be more crowded, it’s a great time to enjoy festivals and sunny weather.
- Low season (November to March): If you prefer to avoid crowds, this is the best time. However, the weather is rainier, which may make some outdoor activities more challenging. Rain is more frequent in January and February, but you can still enjoy the city with fewer people around.
- Shoulder seasons (April to May and September to October): These months offer a good balance between pleasant weather and fewer tourists. Additionally, prices are usually lower compared to the high season.
So, if you want to experience a quieter Cusco with favorable weather, April to October is perfect. However, if you want to enjoy the most vibrant festival, June (the month of Inti Raymi Festival) is the best option.
Safety and etiquette recommendations
When visiting Cusco’s Plaza de Armas, it’s important to follow some safety and etiquette tips to ensure a pleasant experience while respecting the local culture.
Safety:
- Take care of your belongings: Keep your personal items close and monitored at all times, especially in busy tourist areas like Plaza de Armas.
- Use authorized taxis: Only use authorized taxis to ensure your safety when traveling from the airport or within the city.
- Stay alert: Although Cusco is generally a safe city, always be aware of your surroundings and avoid poorly lit areas at night.
Etiquette:
- Respect local culture: Show respect for local traditions, especially when interacting with residents or visiting historical and religious sites.
- Dress appropriately: Wear comfortable and respectful clothing, particularly when entering churches or museums, covering shoulders and knees.
- Interacting with vendors: If you don’t wish to buy something, politely decline offers from street vendors without creating conflict.
